In this study,lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine peritoneal macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were used as the inflammation model,and Griess assay,enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),Western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1″→6′) α-L-rhamnosyl 27-hydroxy oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (OA) from Camellia oleifera fruit shell.And control group,LPS group and OA group (5,10,20 and 40 μmol/L) were set up.The results showed that OA inhibited the secretion of nitric oxide (NO),prostaglandin E2 (PGE2),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) at different concentrations,and decreased the protein expression of NOD-like receptor family,pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and cysteine aspartate protease 1 (Caspase 1) at 20 or 40 μmol/L concentrations in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.Moreover,OA significantly downregulated the phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 protein (p38) at 1 and 6 h,and had inhibitory activity on the phosphorylation levels of p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) at 2 h. Furthermore,OA at different concentrations significantly blocked nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells after 6 h treatment.These results revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of OA,and provided a scientific basis for the targeted development of C. oleifera fruit shell resources and OA based active products.