To elucidate the material basis of the pharmacological effects of Anchusa italica Retz., the study was carried out to isolate and purify the chemical components from the ethyl acetate site of 70% ethanol extract of the plant by silica gel and semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography and identify the structures of the compounds by modern spectroscopic methods such as NMR, MS, and so on. Nineteen compounds were isolated and identified as: hydroxytyrosol(1), ethyl caffeate(2), 3,4-dihydroxybenzylamine(3), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid(4), vanillin(5), 1,2,4-benzenetriol(6), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde(7), (E)-4-(2-hydroxyvinyl)-2-methoxyphenol(8), protocatechuic acid(9), isorhamnetin(10), glycerol(11), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde(12), caffeine(13), caffeic acid ethylene ester(14), ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate(15), phenylethyl β-D-glcoside(16), benzyl β-D-glucopyranoside(17), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl caffeate(18), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(19). Compounds 1-3, 6-8, 12-18 were isolated from this plant for the first time, among which 10 compounds (1, 3, 6-8, 13-17) were isolated for the first time from the genus Anchusa L.. Meanwhile, the in vitro activities of the compounds were determined by using the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cell inflammation model, with indomethacin as the positive control. The bioactivity results showed that compounds 1, 2, 10, and 13 had relatively high anti-inflammatory activities with IC₅₀ values of 19.6, 14.9, 11.3, and 10.2 μmol/L.