The traditional Chinese medicine Zanthoxyli Pericarpium is the dried and mature pericarps of the Rutaceae plant Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc.and Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.,rich in volatile oils,alkaloids,amides, flavonoids and their glycosides,coumarins,lignans and other ingredients.Zanthoxyli Pericarpium has a long history of clinical application in traditional Chinese medicine.Its main effects are warming and relieving pain,killing insects and relieving itching.In recent years,it has been found that Zanthoxyli Pericarpium has a significant effect on the prevention and treatment of central nervous system diseases.In particular,the pharmacological effects of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium and its active ingredients in improving intelligence,strengthening brain,anti-depressive,treating Alzheimer's disease,and analgesia have received extensive attention.This article provides a comprehensive summary of the chemical components of the traditional Chinese medicine Zanthoxyli Pericarpium,its pharmacological effects in the central nervous system and related targets,in order to provide a scientific basis and reference for the clinical application of the traditional Chinese medicine Zanthoxyli Pericarpium to prevent and treat neurological mental diseases.