To investigate the chemical components of Dalbergiae Odoriferae Lignum,ten compounds were isolated from its ethanol extract by multiple column chromatography,such as silica gel,Sephadex LH-20,and high-performance liquid chromatography.Their structures were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic analysis as isopterocarpolone (1),pterocarpol (2),2′-hydroxy-7,4-dimethoxyisoflavone (3),7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavone (4),3-(4-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one (5),(3R)-vestitol (6),(3R))-3,2′-dihydroxy-7,4′-dimethoxyisoflavanone (7),medicarpin (8),(6aS,11aS)-homopterocarpin (9),3,9-dimethyl-6H-benzofuran［3,2-c］chromin-6-one (10).Compounds 1,2,4,5,7 were isolated from D. odorifera for the first time.Compounds 1,6,8 and 9 exhibited more potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 366.77 ± 1.46,113.11 ± 0.87,56.21 ± 1.01 and 92.63 ± 0.91 μmol/L than that of positive control acarbose (528.00 ± 2.60 μmol/L).